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About Google Book Search Google's mission is to organize the world's information and to make it universally accessible and useful. Google Book Search helps readers discover the world's books while helping authors and publishers reach new audiences. You can search through the full text of this book on the web at |http: //books .google .com/I S 118 134 688 SEVENTH ANNUAL REPORT BUREAU OF ETHNOLOGY SECRETARY OF THE SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION 188r)-'86 J. W. P OWE ILL DIRECTOB WASHINGTON GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 1891 ifpr/iPY nr THE ■■ y i. » ' i t •//".?5// OL €»02.0'^ ^-* f ' 7 53 XL ^ , 83 562ST2 005 2 ^.O-^j CONTENTS. REPORT OF THE DIRECTOR. Letter of transmittal xra Introduction xv Field work xvi Mound explorations xvi Work of Prof. Cyrus Thomas xvi Explorations in stone villages xvm Work of Director J. W. Powell xvni Work of Mr. James Stevenson xxiv Work of Messrs. Victor Mindeleff and Cosmos Mindeleff xxv Work of Mr. E. W. Nelson xxvin General field studies xxvm Work of Dr. H. C. Yarrow xxvin Work of Mr. James C. Pilling xxx Work of Mr. Jeremiah Curtin xxx Office work xxx Work of Prof. Cyrus Thomas xxx Work of Mrs. V. L. Thomas xxxi Work of Mr. James C. Pilling xxxi Work of Mr. Frank H. Cushing xxxi Work of Mrs. Erminnie A. Smith xxxi Work of Mr. Charles C. Royce xxxii Work of Dr. H. C. Yarrow xxxn Work of Dr. Washington Matthews xxxii Work of Mr. W. H. Holmes xxxn Work of Mr. Victor Mindeleif xxxu Work of Mr. Cosmos Mindeleif xxxui Work of Mr. E. W. Nelson xxxm Work of Col. Garrick Mallery xxxiv Work of Mr. H. W. Henshaw xxxiv Work of Mr. Albert S. Gatschet xxxiv Work of Rev. J. Owen Dorsey xxxiv Work of Mr. James Mooney xxxrv Synonymy of Indian tribes xxxrv Accompanying papers xxxvi Linguistic families of North America xxxvi The Mide'wiwin or Grand Medicine Society of the Ojibwa, by Dr. W. J. Hoffman, and The Sacred Formulas of the Cherokees, by Mr. James Mooney xxxix Financial statement xu m IV CONTENTS. ACCOMPANYING PAPERS. INDIAN LINGXnSTIC FAMILIES OF AMERICA NORTH OF MEXICO, BY J. W. POWELL. Page. Nomenclature of linguistic families 7 Literature relating to the classification of Indian languages 12 Linguistic map 25 Indian tribes sedentary 30 Population 33 Tribal land 40 Village sites 40 Agricultural land 41 Hunting claims 42 Summary of deductions 44 Linguistic families 45 Adaizen family 45 Algonquian family 47 Algonquian area 47 Principal Algonquian tribes 48 Population 48 Athapascan family 51 Boundaries 52 Northern group 53 Pacific group 53 Southern group 54 Principal tribes 55 Population 55 Attacapan family 56 Beothukan family 57 Greographic distribution 58 Caddoan family 58 Northern group 60 Middle group 60 Southern group 60 Principal tribes 61 Population 62 Chimakuan family 62 Principal tribes 63 Chimarikan family 63 Principal tribes 63 Chimmesyan family 63 Principal tribes or villages 64 Population 64 Chinookan family 65 Principal tribes 66 Population 66 Chitimachan family 66 Chumashan family 67 Population 68 Coahuiltecan family 68 Principal tribes 69 Copehan family 69 Geographic distribution 69 Principal tribes f 70 CONTENTS. V Page. Linguistic families — Ck)ntinued. Costanoan family 70 Geograpliic distribution 71 Population 71 Eskimauau family 71 Gtographic distribution 72 Principal tribes and villages 74 Population 74 Esselenian family 75 Iroquoian family 76 Geographic distribution 77 Principtil tribes 79 Population 79 Kalapooian family 81 Principal tribes 82 Population . 82 Karankawan family 82 Keresan family 83 Villages 83 Population 83 Kiowan family 84 Population . . 84 Kitunahan family 85 Tribes 85 Population 85 Koluschan family 85 Tribes 87 Population 87 Kulanapan family 87 Greographic distribution 88 Tribes 88 Kusan family 89 Tribes 89 Population 89 Lutuamian family 89 Tribes 90 Population 90 Mariposan family 90 Geographic distribution 91 Tribes 91 Population 91 Moquelumnan family 92 Geographic distribution 93 Principal tribes 93 Population 93 Muskhogean family 94 Geographic distribution 94 Principal tribes 95 Population 95 Natchesan family 95 Principal tribes 97 Population 97 VI C0NTENT8. Linguistic families — Continued. Page. Palaihnihan family 97 Geographic distribution 98 Principal tribes 9§ Piman family 98 Principal tribes 99 Population 99 Pu junan family 99 Geographic distribution 100 Principal tribes 100 Quoratean family / 100 Geographic distribution 101 Tribes 101 Population 101 Salinan family. . .'■ ^. 101 Population 102 Salishan family 102 G^eographic distribution 104 Principal tribes 104 Population 105 Sastean family 105 Geographic distribution 106 Shahaptian family 106 Geographic distribution 107 Principal tribes and population 107 Shoshonean family ', 108 Geographic distribution 109 Principal tribes and population 110 Siouan family Ill Geographic distribution 112 Princip^ tribes 114 Population 116 Skittagetan family 118 Geographic distribution 120 Principal tribes 120 Population 121 T^kilman family 121 Geographic distribution 121 Tafioan family 121 Geographic distribution 122 Population 128 Timuquanan family 128 Geographic distribution 128 Principal tribes 124 Tonikan family ;... 125 Geographic distribution 125 Tonkawan family 125 Geographic distribution 126 Uchean family 126 Geographic distribution 126 Population 127 Waiilatpuan family 127 Geographic distribution 127 Principal tribes 127 Population 128 CONTENTS. Vn Page, linguistic families — Continued. Wakashan family 128 (Geographic distribution 180 Principal Aht tribes 130 Population 130 Principal Haeltzuk tribes 131 Population 131 Washoan family 131 Weitspekan family 131 Geographic distribution 132 Tribes 132 Wishoskan family 132 Geographic distribution 138 Tribes 188 Yokonan family 188 Geographic distribution 184 Tribes 184 Population 185 Yanan family 185 Geographic distribution 185 Yukian family 185 Geographic distribution 136 Yuman family 136 G^eographic distribution 137 Principal tribes 138 Population 138 Zuftian family 138 Geographic distribution 139 Population 139 Ck>ncluding remarks 139 THE MIDftWIWIN OB *' GRAND MEDICINB 800IBTT*' OF THE OJIBWA, BT W. J. HOFFMAN. Introduction 149 Shamans 156 MidS'wiwin 164 Mide' wig&n 1 87 First degree 189 Preparatory instruction 189 Hide' therapeutics 197 Imploration for clear weather 207 Initiation of candidate 210 Descriptive notes 220 Second degree 224 Preparation of candidate 224 Initiation of candidate 231 Descriptive notes 236 Third degree 240 Preparation of candidate 241 Initiation of candidate 243 Descriptive notes 251 Fourth degree 255 Preparation of candidate 257 Initiation of candidate 258 Descriptive notes * 274 VIII CONTENTS. Page. Dzhibai' Mid§'wig&n 278 Initiation by substitution 281 Supplementary notes 286 Pictography 286 Music 289 Dress and ornaments 298 Future of the society 299 THE SACRRD FORMULAS OF THE CHEROKEES, BT JAMES MOONEY. Introduction 307 How the formulas were obtained 810 The A*yft°inl (Swimmer) manuscript. 310 The GatigwanastI (Belt) manuscript 312 The Oahunl manuscript 813 The In&U (Black Fox) manuscript 814 Otlier manuscripts 816 The Kan&he'ta Ani-Tsa'la^ Etit or Ancient Cherokee Formulas 317 Character of the formulas — the Cherokee religion 818 Myth of the origin of disease and medicine 319 Theory of disease — animals, ghosts, witches 322 Selected list of plants used 324 Medical practice — theory of resemblances — fasting — tabu — seclusion — women . . 328 Illustration of the gaktii^ta or tabu 381 Neglect of sanitary regulations 832 The sweat bath — bleeding— rubbing — bathing 833 Opposition of shamans to wliite physicians 836 Medicine dances 337 Description of symptoms 887 The ugista'^tl or pay of the shaman 837 Ceremonies for gathering plants and preparing medicine 889 The Cherokee gods and their abiding places 840 Color symbolism 342 Importance attached to names 848 Language of the formulas 843 Specimen formulas 344 Medicine 845 To treat the crippler (rheumatism)— from Gahuni 345 Second formula for the crippler — from Gahuni 849 Song and prescription for snake bites — from Gahuni 351 When something is causing something to eat them — Gahuni 358 Second formula for the same disease- A' wanita 355 For moving pains in the teeth (neuralgia?)— Gatigwanasti 356 Song and prayer for the great chill — A*yft''ini 359 To make children jump down (child birth)— A*y ft" ini 363 Second formula for child birth — Takwatihi 364 Song and prayer for the black yellowness (biliousness) — A'yft"ini 365 To treat for ordeal diseases (witchcraft)— A*yfi°ini 866 Hunting 869 Concerning hunting — A*yeads) — A*y{i°ini 391 To take t^) water for the ball play — A*y{i°ini 395 ILLUSTRATIONS. Page. Plate I. Map. Linguistic stocks of America north of Mexico In pocket. II. Map showing present distribution of Ojibwa 150 III. Red Lake and Leech Lake records 166 IV. Sikas'sige's record 170 V. Origin of Anishin&'beg 172 VI. Facial decoration 174 VU. Facial decoration 178 VIIL Ojibwa's record 182 IX. Mnemonic songs 192 X. Mnemonic songs 202 XI. Sacred objects 220 XII. Invitation sticks 226 Xin. Mnemonic songs 228 XIV. Mnemonic songs 288 XV. Sacred posts 240 XVI. Mnemonic songs 244 XVII. Mnemonic songs 266 XVni. Jds'sakkid' removing disease 278 XIX. Birch-bark records 286 XX. Sacred bark scroll and contents 288 XXI. Mid§' relics from Leech Lake 290 XXII. Mnemonic songs 292 XXIII. Mide' dancing garters 298 XXIV. Portrait of A*y(l»hii (Swimmer) 806 XXV. Facsimile of A*y(i»ini manuscript — Formula for Dal4ni C"nagei. . 810 XXVI. Facsimile of Gatigwanasti manuscript— Yft^wehl formula 312 XXVII. Facsimile of GkJiuni manuscript— Formula for Didd^leskl 814 Fig. 1. Herbalist preparing medicine and treating patient 159 2. Sikas'sige^s combined charts, showing descent of Mi'nabo'zho 174 3. Origin of ginseng 175 4. Peep-hole poet 178 5. Migration of Anishin&'beg 179 6. Birch-bark record, from White Earth 185 7. Birch-bark record, from Red Lake 186 8. Birch-bark record, from Red Lake 186 9. Eshgibo'ga 187 10. Diagram of Mide'wigdn of the first degree 188 11. Interior of Mide'wigdn 188 12. Ojibwa drums 190 13. Mide' rattle 191 14. Mide rattle 191 15. Shooting the Migis 192 16. Woodenbeads 205 zi Xn ILLUSTRATIONS. FlO. 17. Woodeneffigy 205 18. Wooden effigy 205 19. Hawk-leg fetish 220 20. HiiDter*8 medicine 222 21. Hunter*H medicine 222 22. WAb^no' drum 223 23. Diagram of Mid§'wig&n of the second degree 224 24. Hide' destroying an enemy .^ 238 25. Diagram of Mide'wig&n of the third degree 240 26. J&'sakk&n', or juggler's lodge 252 27. Jes'sakkAn', or juggler's lodge 252 28. J^s'sakk&n', or juggler's lodge 252 29. J^'sakk&n', or juggler's lodge 252 30. J^'sakkAn', or juggler's lodge 252 31. Jes'sakkid' curing woman 255 82. Jes'sakkid' curing man 255 33. Diagram of Mide'wig&n of the fourth degree 255 34. Oeneral view of Hide' wig&n 256 35. Indian diagram of ghost lodge 279 36. Leech Lake Mide' song 295 37. Leech Lake Mide' song 296 38. Leech Lake Midg' song 297 39. Leech Lake Mide' song 297 LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL. Smith 80* AN Institution, Bureau op Ethnology, Washington^ D. C, October 1, 1886. Sir : I have the honor to submit my Seventh Annual Report as Director of the Bureau of Ethnology. The first part consists of an explanation of the plan and operations of the Bureau; the second part consists of a series of papers on anthropologic subjects, prepared to illustrate the methods and results of the work of the Bureau. I desire to express my thanks for your earnest support and your wise counsel relating to the work under my charge. I am, with respect, your obedient servant. Prof Spencer F. Baird, Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution. XIU SEVENTH ANNUAL REPORT OF TUB BUREAU OF ETHNOLOGY. By J. W. Powell, Director. INTRODUCTION. The prosecution of ethnologic researches among the North American Indians, in accordance with act of Congress, was contmued during the fiscal year 1885-86. The general plan upon which the work has been prosecuted in former years, and which has been explained in earlier re- ports, was continued in operation. General lines of investigation were indicated by the Di- rector, and the details intrusted to selected persons trained in their several pursuits, the results of whose labors are published from time to time in the manner provided for by law. A brief statement of the work upon which each of these special students was engaged during the year, with its condensed re- sult, is presented below. This, however, does not specify in detail all of the studies undertaken or services rendered by them, as pai-ticular lines of research have been temporarily suspended in order to accomplish immediately objects regarded as of superior importance. From this cause the publication of several treatises and monographs has been delayed, although in some instances they have been heretofore reported as sub- stantially completed, and, indeed, as partly ui type. The present opportunity is used to invite and urge again the assistance of explorers, writers, and students, who are not and XT XTI ANNUAL EEPOBT OF THE DIKECTOB mav not desire to be officially connected with this Bureau. Their contributions, whether in the shajKj of suggestion or of extended communications, will be gratefully acknowledged and carefully considered. If pul)lished in whole or in part, either in the series of reports or in monographs or bulletins, as the liberality of Congress may in future allow, the contributors will always receive proi)er credit. "^riie items which fonn the subject <»f the i)re8ent report are presenteil in two principal divisioiLs. Tlie first relates to the work prosecuted in the field, and the second to the office work, which consists largely of the preparation for j)ublicati(m of the results of the field work, complemented and extended by study of the literature of the several subjects and by cor- respondence relating to them. FIELD WORK. This heading may be divided into, first, Mound Explora- tions; second, Explorations in Stone Villages; and, third, General Field Studies, among which those upon mythology, linguistics, and customs have been during the year the most prominent. MOUND EXPLORATIONS. WORK OF PROF. CYRUS TUOMAS. The work of the mound-exj)loring division, under the charge of Prof Cyrus Thomas, was carrietl on during the fiscal year with the same success that had attended its earlier operations. It is proper to explain that the title given above to the division does not fully indicate the extent of its work. Tlie simple exploration of mounds is but a part of its scope, which embraces, as contemplated in it« organization, a careful exam- ination and study of the archeologic remains in the United States east of the Rocky Mountains. The limitation of the force engaged on this work renders it necessary that the inves- tigations should be conducted along but one or two selected lines at a time. Before and even during some portion of the year now OF THE BUREAU OF ETHNOLOGY. XVII reported upon attention had been devoted almost exclusively to the exploration of individual mounds, with a view of ascertain- ing the different types of tumuli, as regards form, construction, and other particulars and the vestiges of art and human remains found in them. The study of these works in their relation to each other and their segregation into groups, and of the mural works, inclosures, and works of defense, is important in the attempt to obtain indications of the social life and customs of the builders. Tliis plan of study had not received the attention desirable and involved the necessity of careful surveys. It was thought best to make a commence- ment this year in this branch of investigation. During the summer of 1885 Prof Thomas was in Wiscon- sin, engaged in investigating and studying the effigy mounds and other ancient w^orks of that section. Messrs. James D. Middleton, John P. Rogan, and John W. Emmert were ])ermaiient assistants during the year; Mr. Charles M. Smith, Rev. S. D. Peet, and Mr. H. L. Reynolds were employed for short periods as temporary assistants. During the summer and autumn of 1885 Messrs. Middleton and Emmert were at work .on the mounds and ancient monu- ments of southwestern Wisconsin, the former surveying the groups of effigy mounds and the latter exploring the conical tumuli. When the weather became too cold for operations in that section they were transferred to east Tennessee, where Mr. Emmert continued at work throughout the remainder of the fiscal year. When it had been decided to commence the pre])aration of a report on the field work of the division, in the hope of its early publication, Mr. Middleton was called to the office to assist in that preparation, where he remained, preparing maps and plats and making a catalogue of the collections, until the latter part of April, 1886, when he again entered upon field work in the southern part of Illinois, among the graves of that neighbor- hood. Mr. Rogan >vas in clmrge of the office work from the 1st of July until the latter pait of August, during which time Prof Thomas was in the field, as before mentioned. He was en- 7 ETH 11 XVIII ANNUAL REPORT OF THE DIRECTOR gaged during the remainder of the year in exploring the njounds of northern Georgia and east Tennessee. Rev. S. D. Peet was employed for a few monlhs in prepar- ing a preliminary map showing the locaHties of the antiquarian remains of Wisconsin and the areas fonnerly occupied by the several Indian tribes which are known to have inhabited that region. In addition he prepared for use in the report notes on the distribution and character of the moimds and other ancient works of Wisconsin. Mr. Smith was engaged during the month of June, 1886, in exploring mounds and investigating the ancient works in south- western Pennsylvania; and Mr. Reynolds, during the same time, in tracmg and exploring the monumental remains of west- em New York. Notwithstanding the details necessary for office work in the preparation of maps and plats for the report, and cataloguing the collection, the amount of field work accomplished was equal to that done in previous years. Although, as before stated, one of the assistants, Mr. Middleton, was chiefly engaged, while in the field, in surveying, about 3,500 specimens were col- lected and a large number of drawings obtained illustrating the diflFerent modes of construction of the mounds. • EXPLORATIONS IN STONE VILLAGES. WORK OF DIRECTOR J. W. POWELL. During the summer of 1885 the Director, accompanied by Mr. James Stevenson, revisited portions of Arizona and New Mexico in which many structures are found which have greatly iriterested travelers and anthropologists, and about which vari- ous theories have grown. The results of the investigation have been so much more distinct and comprehensive than any before obtained that they require to be reported with some detail. On the plain to the west of the Little Colorado River and north of the San Francisco Mountain there are many scattered ruins, usually having one, two, or three rooms each, all of wliich are built of basaltic cinders and blocks. Through the plain a valley runs to the north, and then east to the Little Colorado. OF THE BUREAU OF ETHNOLOGY. XIX Down the midst of the valley there is a wash, through which, in seasons of great rainfall, a stream courses. Along this stream there are extensive ruins built of sandstc^ue and limestone. At one place a village site was discovered, in which several hun- dred people once found shelter. To the noi-th of this and about twenty-five miles from the summit of San Francisco Peak there is a volcanic cone of cinder and basalt. This small cone luul been used as the site of a village, a pueblo hav- ing been built around the crater. The materials of construction were derived from a great sandstone quany near by, and the pit from which they were taken was many feet in dej)th and extended over two or three acres of ground. The cone rises on the west in a precipitous cliff from the valley of an inter- mittent creek. The pueblo was built on that side at the sum- mit of the cliff, and extending on the north and south sides along the summit of steep slopes, was inclosed on the ea^t, so that the plaza was entereer8 hewn from the frial)le volcanic cinders. Before them, to the south, west, and noi-th, stretched beautiful vallevs, Ijeyond which volcanic cones are seen rising amid jiine forests. The jieople probably cultivated i)atclies of j^ound in the low valleys. Al)out eighteen miles still farther to the east of San Fran- cisco Mountain another ruined village was discovered, built about the (prater of a volcanic cone. This volcanic jH^ak is of nnich greater magnitude. The crater oi)ens to the eastward. On the scmth many stone dwellings have been built of the basaltic and cinder-like rocks. Between the ridge on the south and another on the northwest there is a low saddle in which other buildings have been erected, and in which a great plaza was found, much like the one pre\'iously described. But the most interesting })art of this village was on the clifi^ which rose on the northwest side of the crater. In this difi^ are many natural caves, and the caves themselves were utilized as dwell- ings by inclosing them in front with walls made of volcanic rocks and cinders. These cliff dwellings are placed tier above tier, in a very in-egular way. In many ciises natural caves were thus utilized; in other ca«es cavate cliambei*s were made; that is, chambers have been excavated in the friable cinders. On the very summit of the ridge stone buildings were erected, so that this village was in i)art a cliff village, in i)ai't cavate, and in part the ordinary stone i)ueblo. The valley below, especially to the southward, was probably occupied by their gardens. In the chambers among the overhanging cliffs a great many interesting relics were found, of stone, bone, and wood, and many potsherds. About eight miles southeast of Flagstafl', a little town on the southern slope of San Francisco Mountain, Oak Creek enters a canyon, which nms to the eastward and then southward for a distan(*.e of about ten miles. The gorge is a precipitous box canyon for the greater j)art, of this distance. It is cut through carboniferous rocks — sandstones and limestones — which are here nearly horizontal. The softer sandstones rapidly disinte- OF THE BUREAU OF ETHNOLOGY. XXI grate, and the harder sandstones and Hmestones remain. Thus broad slielves are formed on the sides of the cliffs, and these shelves, or tlie deep recesses between them, were utiHzed, so that here is a village of cHff dwellings. Tliere are several hundred rooms altogether. The rooms are of sandstone, pi*etty cai'efuUy worked and laid in mortar, and the interior of the rooms was plastered. The opening for the chinmey was usu- ally by the side of the entrance, and the ceiHngs of the rooms ai-e still blackened with soot and smoke. Around this village, on the ten-ace of the canyon, great numbers of potsherds, stone implements, and imi)lements of bone, horn, and wood were found; and here, as in all of the other ruins mentioned, corn- cobs in great abundance were discovered. In addition to the four principal ruins thus described many othei's are found, most of them being of the ordinary pueblo type. From the evidence presented it would seem that they had all been occupied at a comi)aratively late date. They were certainly not abandoned more than three or four centu- ries ago. Loiter in the season the Director visited the Supai Indians of Cataract Canyon, and was informed by them that their j)res- ent home had been taken up not many generations ago, and that their ancestors occupied the ruins which have been de- scribed; and they gave such a circumstantial account of the occupation and of their expulsion by the Spaniards, that no doubt can be entertained of the tnith of their ti-aditions in this resj)ect. The Indians of Cataract Canyon doubtless lived on the north, ea«t, and south of San Francisco Mountain at the time this country was discovered by the Spaniards, and they subsequently left their cliff and cavate dwellings and moved into Catara(*t Canyon, where the}' now live. It is thus seen that these cliff and cavate dwellings are not of an ancient prehistoric time, but that they were occupied by a }>eople still existing, who also built pueblos of the common type. Later in the season the party visited the cavate ruins near Santa Clara, previously exi)lored by Mr. Stevenscm. Here, on the western side of the Rio Grande del Noi-te, was found a system of volcanic peaks, constituting what is known as the XXII ANNUAL REPORT OP THE DIRECTOR Valley Range. To the east of these peaks, stretching far be- yond the present channel of the Rio Grande, there was once a great Tertiary lake, which was gradually filled with the sands washed into it on every hand and by the ashes blown out of the adjacent volcanoes. This great lake fonnation is in some places a thousand feet in thickness. When the lake was filled the Rio Grande cut its channel through the midst to a depth of many hundreds of feet. The volcanic mountains to the west- ward send to the Rio Grande a number of minor streams, which in a general way are parallel with one another. The Rio Grande itself, and all of these lateral sti'eams, have cut deep gorges and canyons, so that there are long, iiTegular table-lands, or mesas, extending from the Rio Grande back to the Valley Mountains, each mesa being severed from the adjacent one by a canyon or canyon valley; and each of these long mesas rises with a precipitous cliff from the valley below. The cliffs themselves are built of volcanic sands and ashes, and many of the strata are exceedingly light and friable. The specific gravity of some of these rocks is so low that they will float on water. Into the faces of these cliffs, in the friable and easily worked rock, many chambers have been excavated; for mile after mile the cliffs are studded with them, so that altogether there are many thousands. Sometimes a chamber or series of chambers is en- tered from a terrace, but usually they were excavated many feet above any landing or teiTace below, so that they could be reached only by ladders. In other places artificial terraces were built by constructing retaining walls and filling the inte- rior next to the cliff with loose rock and sand. Very often steps were cut into the face of a cliff and a rude stairway formed by which chambers could be reached. The chambers were very irregularly arranged and very irregular in size and structure. In many cases there is a central chamber, which seems to have been a general living room for the people, back of which two, tlu-ee, or more chambers somewhat smaller are found. The chambers occupied by one family are some- times connected with those occupied by another family, so that two or three or four sets of chambers have interior communica- tion. Usually, however, the communication from one system of i OF THE BUREAU OP ETHNOLOGY. XXIII • chambers to another was by the outside. Many of the cham- bers had evidently been occupied as dwellings. They still contained fireplaces and evidences of fire; there were little caverns or shelves in which various vessels were placed, and many evidences of the handicraft of the people were left in stone, bone, horn, and wood, and in the chambers and about the sides of the cliifs potsherds are abundant. On more care- ful survey it was found that many chambers had been used as stables for asses, goats, and sheep. Sometimes they had been filled a few inches, or even two or three feet, with the excre- ment of these animals. Ears of com and corncobs were also found in many places. Some of the chambers were evidently constQicted to be used as storehouses or caches for grain. Altogether it is very evident that the clifi^ houses have been used in comparatively modern times; at any rate since the people owned asses, goats, and sheep. The rock is of such a friable nature that it will not stand atmospheric degradation very long, and there is abundant evidence of this character testifying to the recent occupancy of these cavate dwellings. Above the clifi^s, on the mesas, which have already been described, evidences of more ancient ruins were found. These were pueblos built of cut stone rudely dressed. Every mesa had at least one ancient pueblo upon it, evidently far more ancient than the cavate dwellings found in the face of the cliifs. It is, then, very plain that the cavate dwellings are not of great age; that they have been occupied since the advent of the white man, and that on the summit of the cliflFs there are ruins of more ancient pueblos. Now, the pottery of Santa Clara had been previously studied by Mr. Stevenson, who made a large collection there two or three years ago, and it was at once noticed that the potsherds of these cliflF dwellings are, both in shape and material, like those now made by the Santa Clara Indians. The peculiar pottery of Santa Clara is readily distinguished, as may be seen by ex- amining the collection now in the National Museum. While encamped in the valley below, the party met a Santa Clara Indian and engaged him in conversation. From him the history of the cliff dwellings was soon obtained. His statement was that originally his people lived in six pueblos, built of cut stone, XXlV ANNUAL REPORT OF tHE DIRECTOR upon the summit of the mesas; that there came a time when they were at war with the Apaches and Navajos, when they abandoned their stone pueblos above and for greater protection excavated the chambers in the cliffs below; that when this war ended part of them returned to the pueblos above, which were rebuilt; that there afterward came another war, with the Co- manche Indians, and they once more resorted to cliff dwellings. At the close of this war they built a pueblo in the valley of the Rio Grande, but at the time of the invasion of the Spaniards their people refused to be baptized, and a Spanish army was sent against tliem, when they abandoned tlie valley below and once more inhabited the cliff dwellings above. Here they lived many years, until at last a wise and good priest brought them peace, and persuaded them to build the pueblo which they now occupy — the village of Santa Clara. The ruin of the pueblo which they occupied previous to the invasion of the Spaniards is still to be seen about a mile distant from the present pueblo. The history thus briefly given was repeated by the governor and by other persons, all substantially to the same effect. It is therefore evident that the cavate dwellings of the Santa Clara region belong to a people still extant; that they are not of great antiquity, and do not give evidence of a preliistoric and now extinct race. Plans and measurements were made of some of the villages with sufficient accuracy to prepare models. Photographic views and sketches were also procured with which to illus- trate a detailed report of the subject to be published by the Bureau. WORK OF MR. JAMES STEVENSON. After the investigations made in company with the Direc- tor, as mentioned above, Mr. Stevenson proceeded with a party to the ancient pro\ince of Tusayan, in Arizona, to study the characteristics of the Moki tribes, its inhabitants, and to make collections of such implements and utensils as illustrate their arts and industries. Several months were spent among the villages, resulting in a large collection of rare objects, all of wliich were selected with special reference to tlieir anthro- OP THE BURBAU OP ETHNOLOGY. XXV pologic importance. Tliis collection contains many articles novel in character and with uses differing from any heretofore obtained, and forms an important addition to the collections in the National Museum. A study of their religious ceremonials and mythology was made, of which full notes were taken. Sk(»tches wiM'e made of their masks and other objects which could not be obtained for the collection. Mrs. Stevenson was also enabled to obtain a minute descrip- tion of the celebrated dance, or medicine ceremony, of the Navajos, called the Y(5ibit-cai. She made complete sketches of the sand altai-s, masks, and other objects employed in this ceremonial. WORK OF MESSRS. VICTOR MINDELKFF AXI) COSMOS MINDKLEFF. Mr. Victor Mindeleff, who had been engaged for several years in investigating the architecture of the pueblos and the ruins of the southwest, was at the l)eginning of the fiscal year at work among the Moki towns in Arizona, in charge of a party. Mr. Cosmos Mindeleff left Wa.shington on July (> for the same lociility. He was placed in charge of the surveying necessary in the Stone Village region, and the result of his work is included in the general report of that division. Visits were paid to the Moki villages in succession, obtain- ing drawings of some constructional details, and also traditions bearing on the iiiins in that vicinity. The main camp was established near Mashcmgnavi, one of the Moki villages. A large ruined i)ueblo, formerly occupied by the Mashongna\i, was here surveyed. No standing walls are found at the pres- ent time, and many portions of the plan are entirely oblit- erated. Typical fragments of pottery were collected. Following this work, four other ruined pueblos were sur- veyed, and such portions of them as clearly indicated dividing walls were drawn on the ground plans. Many of the ruins in this vicinity, according to the tradi- tions of the Molds, have been occupied in comparatively recent times — a number of them having been abandoned since the Spanish conquest of the country. In several cases the villages XXVI ANNUAL BRPORT OF THE DIRECTOR no TV occupied are not upon the same sites as those first visited by the Spaniards, although retaining the same names. While the work of surveWng was in progress, in charge of Mr. Cosmos Mindeletf, Mr. Victor Mindeleff made a Aisit of several (hivs at Keam Can von, there to meet a number of the Navajo Indians to explain the puqiose of the work and allay the suspicions of these Indians, a net^essary precaution, as some of the pro}M>sed work was laid out in Canyon de Chelly, in the heart of their reservatioiL Recent restrictions to which they had been subjecte^l, as a conse^juence of new suneys of the reser\'ation line, had made them especially distrustful of parties equipped with instruments for sur\'ey ing. Incidental to expla- nations of the purjiose of the work, an opportunity was afforded of ohtuinin<^ a nuinl)er of mvtholoorie notes, and also interest- ing data reganling the constructi* >n of their *'hogans,^ with the rules prescribing the arrangement of each part of the frame and other particulars. A number of ceremonial songs are sung at the building of these houses, but of these only one could l>e secure^l, whi^'h was obtained I in the original and translated. Whenever op|)ortunity ix-curretl, tluring the pro- gress of the work, photographs and diagrams of construction of **hogans" were procure^!. On August 1 7 the ceremony of the snake-dance took place at Mashongna\'i, similar in every detail to that performed at Walpi, and differing only in the numWr of participsints. Sev- eral instantaneous negatives of the various phases of the dance were secured. On the followinjr dav the same ceremonv was perfonned on a larger scale at Walpi, the eastenuuost of the Moki villatjes. Mr. Cosmos Mindeleff' assisted in collecting from the present inhabitants of the region legentlary infonnation l)earing upon ruins and in obser\nng the snake-dances, a description of which was ])repared for publication. Wliile the surveys of the ruins were in progress many de- taileers of the ''kiva^ were found to be the old beams fh^m the Spanish churches, OP THE BUREAU OF ETHNOLOGY. XXVII hewn square, and decorated with the characteristic rude carv- ing of the old Spanisli work. A number of legends connected with the ruined pueblos were recorded. On closing this work in the vicinity of the Moki villages, late m August, the party moved into Keam Canyon, en route for Canyon de Chelly. A day was devoted to the survey of a small pueblo of irregular elliptical outline, situated about eighteen miles northeast from Keam Canyon. This ruin is in excellent state of preservation and exhibits in the masonry some stones of remarkably large size. The early part of Sep- tember was employed in making a close survey of the Mummy Cave group of ruins in Canycm de la Muerte, this work includ- ing a five-foot contour map of the ground and the rocky ledge over which the houses were distributed. Detailed drawings of a number of special features were made here, particularly in connection with the circular ceremonial chambers. The latter were so buried under the accumulated debris of fallen walls that much excavation was required to lay bare the de- tails of internal arrangement. A high class of workmanship is here exhibited, both in the execution of the constructional features and in the interior decoration of these chambers. Later the White House group, in the Canyon de Chelly, com- prising a village and cliff houses, was examined and platted in the same manner. The drawings and plans were supplemented with a series of photographs. Some negatives of Navajo houses were also made. On closing this work the party went into Fort Defiance, en route for Zuili, and thence to Ojo Caliente, a modern farming pueblo of the Zuili, about twelve miles south of the principal village. Here two ruins of villages, thought to belong to the ancient Cibola group, were platted. One of these villages had been provided with a circular reservoir of large size, partially walled in with masonry. Here, also, the well preserved walls of a stone church can be seen. The other contains the remains of a large church, built of adobe. A series of widely scattered house-clustei's, occurring two miles west of Ojo Caliente, was also examined, but the earth had drifted over the fallen walls XXVIII ANNUAL REPORT OP THE DIRECTOR and so covered them that the arraugement of rooms could scarcely be traced at all. The modem vilhige of Ojo Caliente was also surveyed and diagrams and ])hotographs made. Towards the end of September camp was moved to the vicinity of Zuili. Here four other villages of the Cibola group and the old villages on the mesa of Ta-ai-ya-lo-ne were ex- amined. Camp was then moved to Nutria, a farming pueblo of Zufii. . From this camp Nutria was surveyed and photo- graphed, and also the village of Pescado, which is occupied only during the farmhig season. Both of these modem farm- ing pueblos appear to be built on the ruins of more ancient villages, the remains of whic'h were especially noticeable in the case of Pescado, where the very carefully executed masomy, characteristic of the ancient methods of constmction, could be seen outcropping at many points. WORK OF MR K. W. NELSON. Following the return of the main party to Washington, some preliminary exploration wiis earned on by Mr. E. W. Nelson, who made an examination of the headwater of the South Fork of Salt River, but did not find any ruins. Thence the Blue Ridge wjis crossed, and the valley of the Blue Fork of the San Francisco River visited. Here ruins were fre- quently increasing in number toward the south. Farther south three sets of (::liff ruins were also located. GENERAL FIELD STUDIES. WORK OF DK. H. C. YARKOW. During the summer and fall of I880, Dr. H. C. Yarrow, acting assistant surgeon U. S. Army, examined points in Ari- zona and Utah. In the vicinity of Springerville, Apache County, Arizona, in company with Mr. E. W. Nelson, he vis- ited a number of ancient pueblos and discovered that the peo- ple formerly occupying the towns had followed the custom of burying their dead immediately outside the walls of their hab- itations, marking the places of sepul(*her with circles of stones. OF THE BUREAU OF ETHNOLOGY XXIX The j^raves were four or five feet in depth, and various house- hold utensils had been deposited with the dead. Mr. Nelson, who had made a careful search for these cemeteries, informed him of the locality of hundreds. Unfortunately for anthro- j)ometric science, most of the bones are too much decayed to be of practical value. The places of burial selected at these pueblos are similar to the burial places discovered in 1874 ,near the large ruined pueblo of Abiquiu, in the valley of the Chama, New Mexico. Dr. Yarrow also visited the Moki j)uebl()s in Arizona, and obtained from one of the i)rincipal men a clear and succinct account of their burial customs. While there he witnessed the famous snake dance, which occurs every two years, and is supposed to have the effect of producing rain. From his knowledge of the reptilian fauna of the country he was able to identify the species of seri)ents used in the dance, and from pei'sonal examination satisfied himself that the fangs had not been extracted from the poisonous varieties. He thinks, how- ever, that the reptiles are somewhat tamed by handling during the four days that they are ke})t in the estufas and })ossibly are made to eject the greater part of the venom contained in the sacs at the roots of the teeth, by being teased and forced to strike at different objects held near them. He does not think that a vegetable decoction in which they are washed has a stupefying effect, as has been supposed by some. He also obtained from a Moki high priest a full account of the ceremonies attending the dance. Through the assistance of Mr. Thomas V. Keam, of Keam Canyon, Arizona, and Mr. A. M. Stephen, he was able to procure from a noted Navajo wise man an exact account of the burial customs of his people, as well as valuable information regarding their medical practices, especially such as relate to obstetrics. From Arizona Dr. YaiTow proceeded to Utah, and nuide an examination of an old rock cemetery near Farmington, finding it similar to the one he discovered in 1872 near the town of Fillmore. The bodies had been carried far up the side of the mountain; ciivities had been prepared in a rock slide, and the bodies placed therein. Branches of cotton wood were then laid XXX AyyCAL KEPOiCT OF THE DIRECTOR over an^i Ursre VK^ulder- pilef Orant-^ville, a -kelet//n of a G'r»iute, in exrellenr pre^r\'ati« in, wa.s obtained, arid hart l^>*:en [in— ented to the Anny Me«lii'al MiL^eum. It rnav U? -raf^;/! th;if the exaniination of tlie n^-k cemeterv at Fannin^fton .-liowed that tlie inhabitants f*( the eastern slope of tlie Wah.-atrh Iiaii;r'r, in Great Salt I^ke Vallev, followed the xu^Ah of rofk j^jjiulnire from this, the nutst northern pnnt vis- ited, to UjIow I'arowan, a di>tanr-e of at least two huurlred miles •^iijthward, and it s^^eins that thesf; iK,'oj>le r(M*k), Wasco, Milcblama (Warm Springs), Pai Ute, Shasta, Maidu, and Wintu. Texts were also obtained in Yana, Wasco, Warm Spring, and Shasta. OFFKMOWORK. Prof. Oykus Thomas was engaged during the year, except the tew wiH^ks lie was in the iield, in the preparation of his general re})ort and in correspondence relating to the archeology OF THE BUREAU OF ETHNOLOGY. XXXI of the district before specified. He also finished a paper pub- lished in the Sixth Annual Report of this Bureau under the title, ^*Aids to the study of the Maya Codices," and a special report on the ** Burial mounds of the northern sections of the United States." The latter has appeared in the Fifth Annual Report of the Bureau. Mrs. V. L. Thomas, in addition to her duties iis clerk, has been employed in preparing a catalogue of the ancient works in that part of the United States east of the Rocky Mountains. This catalogue, now nearly complete, is intended to give the localities and character of all the antiquities in the region men- tioned, including discoveries which have been noted in publi- cations, as well as those mentioned in the reoorts of work done under the Bureau. Mr. James C. Pilling continued to give a large share of his time and attention throughout the year to the ** Bibliography of the languages of the North American Indians," which has been adverted to in previous reports. The advance ** proof- sheets" of this work, printed in the last fiscal year, were dis- tributed to collaborators and have been the means of obtaining the active cooperation of many persons throughout this and other countries who are interested in linguistic and biblio- gi*aphic science. They have thus elicited a large number of additions, corrections, suggestions, and criticisms, all of which have received careful consideration. Mr. Frank H. Gushing was engaged in the preparation, from the large amount of Zuili material collected by hhn during several years, of papers upon the language, mythology, and ^ institutions of that people. Mrs. Erminnie A. Smith continued her study of the Iroquoian languages. The first part of her final contribution on the sub- ject was intended to be a Tuscarora grammar and dictionary. TThe first portion of the dictionary was completed, and had been forwarded to the Bureau when her sudden and lamented death occurred on June 9, 1886, at her home in Jersey City. Her former assistant, Mr. J. N. B. Hewitt, of Tuscarora de- scent, has been engaged to complete the work she so success- fully began, and it is expected that the results of her long labors in the field will be published without delay. XXXII AXXCAL REP^jKT OF THE DISECTOR Mr ^'H\ki-»> ('. Kov< K n-sijriK-^l l»i> nmiiectiou with the Huprau in tin- f-arly part <»t' tlie year, t}if.'r#fby delaying- the i'4ttn]}h:x\nii of the work u\nfn tlie )>riinal title of the Indian tril^e^ to lands within tli«' rniti-laineefore lii.s departure from Wa.shinjrton, <'4»mj>leted a pajn-r on the *"Chen>kee Nation of Indians,*^ whii-h has ap[Xfared in the Fifth Annual Report of the Bureau- I>r. II. r. Yakkow was still enjrafred in jirepariiiflr the mate- rial for the rinal volume UjHpn the mortuary eustinns of the North Ameriraii Indians, in the jirosecution of which the large amount of information received and obtained from various w>urc<*s has Immmi carefully classified and arrange*! under proi>er divisions, so that the manuscript is now being rapidly put into shajH^ for publication. l>r. \Vasmi\c;tos Mattukws, V. 8. Army, continued to pre- pare for publication the copious notes obtained by him during filmier years in the Navajo country, his chief work being upon a grammar and dictionary of the Navajo language. He also wrot(? sifveral pap^^rs, one of which, a ** Chant upon the Moun- tains/' Ims b<*en |>ublislied in the Fifth Annual Report. Mr. W. II. Ifoi.MKS continued his work in the office during the yt^fir, Hupc^rintending the illustration of the various publi- cati(»ns of the Bureau. His scientific studies have been con- fined principally to the field of American archeologic art. Two fully illustrated })apers have been finished and have appeared in the Sixth Annual Report of the Bureau. They are upon *'Ancieut art of the province of Chiriqui, Colombia," and *'A study of the textile art in its relations to the development of form and oniament." Mr. Holmes has, in addition, continued his duties as curator of aboriginal pottery in the National Museum. Mr. Victor Mindkleff, when not in the field, prepared re- ports on the '^Fusayan and Cibola architectural gnmps.. These, when completed, are to be fully illustrated by a series of plans and drawings now being prepared from the field-notes and otiier material. In this work it is proposed to discuss the archi- i OF THE BUREAU OF ETHNOLOGY. XXXIII tecLure in detail, particularly in the case of the modern pueb- los, where many of the constructional devices of the old builders still survive. The examination of these details will be found to throw light on obscure features of many ruined pueblos whose state of preservation is such as to exhibit but little detail in themselves. In connection with the classification and arrangement of new material from Canyon de Chelly, a paper was prepared on the cliff ruins of that region. Mr. Cosmos Mindeleff has been in charge of the modeling room during the last year. Upon his return from the field a series of models to illustrate the Chaco ruins, architecturally the most important in the Southwest, was commenced. Two of these, viz, the ruin of Wejegi and that of a small pueblo near Pueblo Alto, have been finished and duplicates have been deposited in the National Museum. The third, a large model of Peilasco Blanco, is still uncompleted. All of these models are made from entirely new surveys made in the summer of 1884. The scale used in the previous series — the inhabited pueblos and the cliff ruins — though larger than usually adopted for this class of work, has shown so mlich more detail and has proved generally so satisfactory, that it has been continued in the Chaco Ruin group, bringing the entire series of models made by the Bureau to a uniform scale of 1 : 60, or one inch to five feet In addition to this the work of duplicating the existing models of the Bureau for purposes of exchange was commenced. Three of these have been completed, and two others are about half finished. Mr. E. W. Nelson was engaged upon a report of his inves- tigations among the Eskimo tribes of Alaska. A part of this report, consisting of an English-Eskimo dictionary, he has already forwarded. As hereinafter explained, the year was principally devoted to the synonymy of the Indian tribes, the special studies of several officers of the Bureau being suspended so that their whole time might be employed in that direction. In the year 7 ETH 111 XXXIV ANNUAL REPORT OF THE DIRECTOR 1885, however, and at subsequent intervals, their work was as follows: Col. Garrick Mallery, U. S. Army, continued the study, by researches and correspondence, of sign language and pic- tography. A comprehensive, though preliminary, paper on the latter subject has been printed, with copious illustrations, in the Fourth Annual Report. Mr. H. W. Henshaw was engaged during the year in work upon the synonymy of Indian tribes, as specified below. Mr. Albert S. Gatschet continued to revise and perfect his grammar and dictionary of the Klamatli language, a large part of which work is in print. He also took down vocabu- laries from Indian delegates present in this city on tribal busi- ness, and thus succeeded in incorporating into the collections of the Bureau of Ethnology linguistic material from the Ali- bamu, Hitchiti, Muskoki, and Seneca languages. Rev. J. Owen Dorsey pursued his work on the (fegiha lan- guage. Having the aid of a Winnebago Indian for some time he enlarged his vocabulary of that language and recorded grammatical notes. He also reported upon works submitted to his examination upon the Tuscarora, Micmac, and Cherokee languages. Mr. James Mooney, who had been officially connected with the Bureau since the early part of the fiscal year, was also engaged upon linguistic work. SYNONYMY OF INDIAN TRIBES. The Director has before reported in general terms that the most serious source of perplexity to the student of the history of the North American Indians is the confusion existing among their tribal names. The causes of this confusion are various. The Indian names for themselves have been undei'stood and recorded in diverse ways by the earlier authors, and have been variously transmitted by the latter. Nicknames arising from trivial causes, and often without apparent cause, have been imposed upon many tribes. Names borne by one tribe at some period of its history have been transferred to another, or to several other distinct tribes. Typographical errors, and im- i OP THE BUREAU OP ETHNOLOGY. XXXV proved spelling on assumed phonetic grounds, have swelled the number of synonyms until the investigator of a special tribe often finds himself in a maze of nomenclatural perj^lexity. It has long been the intention of the Director to prepare a work on tribal names, which so far as possible should refer their confusing titles to a correct and systematic stand- ard. Delay has been occasioned chiefly by the fundamental necessity of defining linguistic stocks or families into which all tribes nmst be primarily divided; and to accomplish this, long journeys and laborious field and office investigations have been required during the whole time since the establishment of the Bureau. Though a few points still remained in an unsat- isfactory condition, it was considered that a sufficient degree of accuracy had been attained to allow of the publication for the benefit of students of a volume devoted to the subject. The preparation of the plan of such a volume was intrusted to Mr. H. W. Henshaw, late in the spring of 1885, and in June of that year the work was energetically begun in accordance with the plans submitted. The preparation of this work, which to a gi'eat extent underlies and is the foundation for every field of ethnologic investigation among Indians, was con- sidered of such prime importance that nearly all the available force of the Bureau was placed upon it, to the suspension of the particular investigations in whicli the several officers had been engaged. In addition to the general charge of the whole work, Mr. Henshaw gave special attention to the families of the north- west coast from Oregon nortliward, including the Eskimo, and also several in California. To Mr. Albert S. Gatschet the tribes of the southeastern United Stiites, together with the Pueblo and Yuman tribes, were assigned. The Algonkian family in all its branches — by far the most important part of the whole, so far as the great bulk of literature relating to it is concerned — was intrusted to Col. Garrick Mallery and Mr. James Mooney. They also took charge of the Iroqiioian family. Rev. J. 0. Dorsey's intimate acquaintance with the tribes of the Siouan and Caddoan families peculiarly fitted him to cope with that part of the work, and he also undertook the Athapascan tribes. XXXVf ANNUAL REPOBT OP THE DIRECTOR I>r. W. J. Hoffman wr>rkif#l ujxin the Shoslifineaii tribes, aided by tlie Director « jK^rj^^uial 8ujier\i»ion. 3Ir. Jeremiah Cnrtia, U} wliom waHartsijnied the Califr»niia trilx-s, als4> gave assistance in other WM^tions. Each of the gentlemen named has been able ti> contribute largely to the results by his jjenKnial exj>erience and investiga- tions in the field, there being numerous regions concerning which [mblished arrcounts are meager and unsatisfactory-. TThe main source of the material to l>e dealt with has, however, been necessarilv derived from V>iK>ks. A vast amount of the current literature pertaining to the North American Indians has Ixjen examined, amounting to over one thousand volumes, with a view to the extraction of the tribal names and the his- torical data necessarj" to fix their precise application. The work at the present time is well advanced toward com- pletiotL The examination of literature for the collation of synonyms may be regarded as practically done. The tables of synonymy and the accomits of the tril>es have been com- pleted for more than one-half the number of linguistic families. ACCOMPANYING PAPERS. LINGUISTIC FAMILIES OP NORTH AMERICA. In harmony with custom, three scientific papers accompany this report, designed to illustrate the nature, methods and spirit of the researches conducted by the Bureau. The first is on the "Classification of the North American Languages." It is by no means a final paper on the subject, but is intended rather to give an account of the present status of the subject, and to place before the workers in this field of scholarship the data now existing and the conclusions already reached, so as to constitute a point of departure for new work. With this end in view Mr. Pilling is engaged upon the bibliography of the subject and is rajndly publishing the same, and Mr. Hen- shaw is employed on the tribal synonymy. Altogether it is hoped that this work will inaugurate anew era in the investi- gation of the subject by making available the vast body of OF THE BUREAU OP ETHNOLOGY. XXXVII material scattered broadcast through the literature relating to the North American Indians. In the course of these ethnic researches an interesting field of facts has been brought to view relating to the suj)erstitions of the Indians. Already a very large body of mythology has been collected — stories from a great number of tongues which embody the rude philosophy of tribal thought. Such philos- ophy or opinion finds its expression not only in the mythic tales, but in the organization of tlie people into society, in their daily life and in their habits and customs. There is a realm of anthropology in tliis lower state of mankind which we call savagery, that is hard to understand from the standpoint of modern civilization, where science, theology, religion, med- icine and the esthetic arts are developed as more or less dis- crete subjects. In savagery these great subjects are blended in one, as they are interwoven into a vast plexus of thought and action, for mythology is the basis of philosophy, religion, medicine, and art. In savagery the observed facts of the uni- verse, relating alike to physical nature and to the humanities, are explained mythologically, and these mythic conceptions give rise to a great variety of practices. The acts of life are bom of the opinions held as explanations of the environing world. Thus it is that pliilosophy finds expression in a com- plex system of superstitions, ceremonies and practices, wliich together constitute the religion of the people. The purpose of these practices is to avert calamity and to secure prosperity in the present life. It is astonishing to find how little the con- dition of a life to come is involved. The future beyond the grave is scarcely heeded, or when recognized it seems not to affect the daily life of the people to any appreciable degree. That which occupies the attention of the savage mind relates to the pleasures and pains, the joys and sorrows of present existence. Perhaps the chief motive is derived from the consideration of health and disease, as tlie pleasures and pains arising there- from are forever present to tlie experience or observation. Good and evil are also involved in those gifts of nature to man by which his biotic life is sustained, his food, drink, cloth- xxxrm A9%t:AL ^zt^fKi or the dhxctoe fj^it V Ar^ 9u:f'M%iuA hv «^^:a<^^rL4 ^/f *^5arr;iTv. aii-l tha« Drrjecperitv » * ■» * ■ s « ari/i a^iv^^^iiv ;5ire jftna^^/*r\y i-omrtiisi^ed in tKe hist«jrv of the Ifh^ffplfT. To *^rure thl* yrff^]jenty ai»d avfrit thi* a#lvef^ity <»^5^riA t/> J^r the »^:oryl great motive in the development of ttie ¥t*i\f(^^xixuftiA pm/rtjce^ of the pe^^ple A thinl occasion f//r the ^levelr^jimeiit of thi.4 pirimitive religion inheres in the ^^rial r/r;fariization of rnankimL primarily expresssed in the love ^/f rfian and woman fnr each other, bat finally expre$.sed in all x\if'. relatione of kin and kith and in the relatione of tribe irith trilie, 'Hiij* gives* rl^ to a very imprirtant development r/f jmrnitive religion, for the savage man ^eeLs to discover by fH'j^nh agerici^.'ji the jK^wer rif Ci>ntrolling the love and good frill of bin kind and tlie \Htwer of averting the effect of en- mity. To attain these enrls he invents a vast system of deWces, from love philters t/i war ^lances. A fourth region of ex|)loit- ation in the realm of the es^>teric relates to the origin of life its^^lf^ as many of their practices are desigiiee seen that life, health, prosjxfrity, and peace are the einls srmght in all this region of human activity as they are presi^nted in the ntudy of savage life. The opinions held by the [K^ople on these subjects are primarily expressed in sfK^er'h and organ izwl into tales, which constitute m\-thology, and they are ex[>Fessetry, and drama. TThus it in that the esth(*tic arts have their origin in mythology. The epic po(5!n and tlie sympliony are lineal descendants of the (lanc<% and the dance arises as the first form of worship, bom of the mythic conc^ejition of the powers of nature. OP THE BUREAU OF ETHNOLOGY. XXXIX THE MIDE'WIWIN, OR GRAND MEDICINE SOCIETY OF THE OJIBWA, BY W.J. HOFFMAN, AND THE SACRED FORMULAS OF THE CHER- OKEES, BY JAMES MOONEY. Mr. Hoffman presents a paper on the **Mide'wiwin, or Grand Medicine Society of the Ojibwa," and sets forth the vestiges of a once powerful organization existing among these people. Mr. Mooney has made a study of the Cherokee with the same end in view. In the opinion of the Director they are impor- tant contributions to this subject The same lines of investiga- tion have been earned on by other members of the Bureau with other tnbes where societies and practices have been but little modified by the contact of the white man, and where the subject is therefore much more plainly arrayed. In due time these additional researches will be published. In Mr. Hoffman's paper it is seen that two and a half cen- turies of association with the white man lias not only served to break down this organization to some extent, but has also inculcated in the minds of the Ojibwa a clearer conception of a Great Spirit and a future life than is normal to the savage mind. Mr. Mooney, whose paper largely deals with the use of plants by the Indians for the healing of disease, naively compares the pharmacopoeia of savagery with that of civiliza- tion, assuming that the latter is a standard of scientific truth. Perchance scientific men will make one step in advance of this position, and will be interested in discovering the extent to which savage philosophy is still represented in civilized materia medica as expressed in officinal formulas. A word in relation to the dramatis personae of Indian my- thology. In all those mythologies which have been studied with any degree of care up to the present time zoic deities greatly prevail, the progenitors and prototypes of the animals of the land, air, and water; yet there are other deities. Chief among these are the sun, moon, stars, fire, and the spirits of mountains and other geographical and natural phenomena. Yet these beings are largely zoomorphic, being considered rather as mythic animals than as mythic men; but it must be understood that the line of demarcation between man and the lower animals is not so clearly presented to the savage mind XL ANNUAL REPORT OF THE DIRECTOR as to the civilized mind. In speaking of the theology of the North American Indians as being zoomorjihic it must therefore be iHiderstood to mean that such is its chief characteristic, but not its exclusive characteristic; and further, it must be under- stood that it contains by survival many elements from an earlier condition in which hecastotheism prevailed, that is, that the form of philosophy known as animism was generally ac- cepted, and that psychic life, with feeling, thought, and will, was attributed to inanimate things. But more than this, zootheism is not a permanent *state of philosophy, but only a stepping-stone to something higher. That something higher may be denominated physitheism, or the worship of the powers and more obtrusive phenomena of nature. In this higher state the sun, the planets, the stars, the winds, the storms, the rain- bow, and fire tiike the leading part. The beginnings of this higher state are to be observed in many of the mythologies of North America. It is worthy of remark that a mythology with its religion subject to the influences of an overwhelm- ing civilization yields first in its zoomorphic elements. Zoic mythology soon degenerates into folk tales of beasts, to be recited by crones to chihh'en or told by garrulous old men as amusing stories inherited from past generations; while phy- sitheism is more often incorporated into the compound of paganism and Christianity now held by the more advanced tribes. Notwithstanding this general tendency, zootheism is often, though not to so great an extent, compounded in the same way. The study of this stage of mythology, and of the arts and customs arising therefrom, as they are exhibited among the North American Indians, will ultimately tlu'ow a flood of light upon that later stage known as physitheism, or nature worship, now the subject of investigation by an army of Aryan scholars. OF THE BUREAU OP ETHNOLOGY. ZLI FINANCIAL STATEMENT. Table showing amounts appi'opriafed and expended for North American ethnology for the fiscal year ending June SO, 1SS6, Expenses. Serrices Trareliog expensea Tranftportation of property Field subsistence Field expenses an4 supplies Field material Modeling material Photographic material Books and maps Stationery and drawing material Illustrations for reports Goods for distribution to Indians Office furniture Office supplies and repairs Correspondence Specimens Bonded railroad accounts forwarded to Treasury for settlement Balance on hand to meet outstanding liabilities Total Amount expended. Amount appropriated. $31,287.93 2.070.71 478.01 284.99 360.32 163.61 63.11 34.44 469.69 169.44 289.65 767.82 12.00 63.56 13.87 800.00 103.84 2. 566. 11 ^ 40.000.00 $40,000.00 ACCOMPANYING PAPERS. XLIU INDIAN LINGUISTIC FAMILIES OF AMERICA NORTH OF MEXICO. BY J. W. POWELL. 7 ETH 1 CONTENTS. Nomenclature of linguistic families 7 literature relating to the classification of Indian languages 13 Linguistic map 25 Indian tribes sedentary 90 Population 88 Tribal land 40 Village sites 40 Agricultural land 41 Hunting claims 43 Summary of deductions 44 Linguistic families 45 Adaizan family 45 Algonquian family 47 Algonquian area 47 Principal Algonquian tribes 48 Population 48 Atha{>a8can family 51 Boundaries 53 Northern group 53 Pacific group 58 Southern group 54 Principal tribes 55 Population 55 Atta(»pan family 56 Beothukan family 57 Geographic distribution 58 Caddoan family 58 Northern group 60 Middle group 60 Southern group 60 Princii)al tribes 61 Population 63 Chimakuan family 63 Princijial tribes 68 Chimarikan family 68 Principal tribes 63 Chimmesyan family 63 Principal tribes or villages 64 Population 64 Chinookan family 65 Principal tril)e8 66 Population 66 8 " '--- ■---■- POfaWkn l^n-i| M l nibM Ciy-kiBl— fly lU-'i^A «pl>>c •IktrihraUnn PnfiDlatMt.. . . W wyp fcie dMbibotinc Ptiociial tiflw* and TilUf^ . . IVirvlaliQn Bil«Diaw fxnilj IruiwUD (alailr ( HTif^raiihic dintriboti'ifi PnorifAl irilwi Fupolalina- Kaiainrjun family Prindinltrilm Prfpolaiion. KaranVairaii familr . , . , Keic^n familr pripalation Kwwan familj IVipulatii'in KHnnahan family Tri>Mi Piipalatioa. KfJufirhan tamiij Triln* P(jI«Uti>in Kalanafian familv - G«>jKTS|di>c: diatribntion Trifwi Kuaon familf Population Lutuamian familf Tril«8 P(>]fulatiini JUrii«>Haii familj (Inigraphic diiitribation TriliMt Population Morguclumnan tamilj fttwjKraphic diittributioa Principel tribee Population CONTENTS. 6 Page. Linguistic families — Continued. Muskhogean family ©4 G^eographic distribution ©4 Principal tribes 85 Population ©5 Natchesan family 95 Principal tribes 97 Population , 97 Palaihnilian family 97 Geographic distribution 98 Principal trilies : 98 Piman family 98 Principal tribes 99 Population 99 Pujunan family 99 G^eographic distribution 100 Principal tribes .• 100 Quoratean family 100 C^eographic distribution 101 Tribes 101 Population 101 Salinan family 101 Population 102 Salishan family 102 Geographic distribution 104 Principal tribes 104 Population 105 Sastean family *. 105 Geographic distribution 106 Shahaptian family 106 Geographic distribution 107 Principal tribes and population 107 Shoshonean family 108 Geographic distribution 109 Princii)al tribes and population 110 Siouan family HI Geographic distribution 112 Principal tribes 114 Population 116 Skittagetan family 118 Geographic distribution 120 Principal tribes 120 Population 121 Takilman family 121 GKiographic distribution 121 Tafloan family 121 Geographic distribution . . 122 Population 128 Timuquanan family 128 Geographic distribution 128 Principal tribes 124 Tonikan family 125 G^eographic distribution 125 6 CONTENTS. Linguistic families — Continued. Tonka wan family 125 Geographic distribution 125 Uchean family 126 Geographic distribution 126 Population 127 Waiilatpuan family 127 Geographic distribution 127 Principal tribes 127 Population 128 Wakashan family 128 Geographic distribution 180 Principal Aht tribes 130 Population : 130 Principal Haeltzuk tribes 131 Population 131 Washoan family 131 Weitspekan family 131 Geographic distribution 132 Tribes 132 Wishoskan family 132 Geographic distribution 133 Tribes 138 Yakonan family 133 G^eographic distribution 134 Tribes 134 Population 185 Yanan family 135 Geographic distribution 135 Yukian family 135 Geographic distribution 136 Yuuian family 136 G^eographic distribution ; 137 Principal tribes 188 Population 188 Zufiian family . . . 188 Geographic distribution 139 Population 189 Concluding remarks 139 ILLUSTRATION. Plate I. Map. Linguistic stocks of North America north of Mexico. In pocket at end of volume INDIAN LINGUISTIC FAMILIES: By J. W. Powell. NOMENCLATURE OF LINGUISTIC FAMILIES. The languages spoken by the pre-Columbian tribes of North Amer- ica were many and diverse. Into the regions occupied by these tribes travelers, traders, and missionaries have penetrated in advance of civilization, and civilization itself has marched across the conti- nent at a rapid rate. Under these conditions the languages of the various tribes have received much study. Many extensive works have been published, embracing grammars and dictionaries ; but a far greater number of minor vocabularies have been collected and very many have been published. In addition to these, the Bible, in whole or in part, and various religious books and school books, have been translated into Indian tongues to be used for purposes of instruction ; and newspapers have been published in the Indian lan- guages. Altogether the literature of these languages and that re- lating to them are of vast extent. While the materials seem thus to be abundant, the student, of Indian languages finds the subject to be one requiring most thought- ful consideration, difficiilties arising from the following conditions: (1) A great number of linguistic stocks or families are discovered. (2) The boundaries between the different stocks of languages are not immediately apparent, from the fact that many tribes of diverse stocks have had more or less association, and to some extent linguis- tic materials have been borrowed, and thus have passed out of the exclusive possession of cognate peoples. (3) Where many peoples, each few in number, are thrown to- gether, an intertribal language is developed. To a large extent this is gesture speech ; but to a limited extent useful and important words are adopted by various tribes, and out of this material an intertribal " jargon " is established. Travelers and all others who do not thoroughly study a language are far more likely to acquire this jargon si)eecli than the real speech of the people ; and the tend- ency to base relationship upon such jargons has led to confusion. 7 8 INDIAN LINGUISTIC FAMILIES. (i) This tendency to the establishment of intertribal jargons was greatly accelerate^l on the advent of the white man, for thereby many tribes were pushed from their ancestral homes and tribes were mixed with tribes. As a result, new relations and new industries, especially of trade, were established, and the new associations of trite with tribe and of the Indians with Europeans led very often to the development of quite elaborate jargon languages. All of these have a tendency to complicate the study of the Indian tongues by comparative metluxis. The difficulties inherent in the study of languages, together with the imperfect material and the complicating conditions that have arisen by the spread of civilization over the country, combine to make the problem one not readily solved. In view of the amount of material on hand, the comparative study of the languages of North America has been strangely neglected, though perhaps this is explained by reason of the difficulties which have been pointed out. And the attempts which have been made to classify them has given rise to much confusion, for the following reasons : First, later authors have not properly recognized the work of earlier laborers in the field. Second, the attempt has more fre- quently been made to establish an ethnic classification than a lin- guistic classification, and linguistic characteristics have been con- fused with biotic peculiarities, arts, habits, customs, and other human activities, so that radical differences of language have often been ignored and slight differences have heen held to be of primary value. The attempts at a classification of these languages and a corre- sponding classification of races have led to the development of a complex, mixed, and inconsistent synonymy, which must first be unraveled and a selection of standard names made therefrom ac- cording to fixed principles. It is manifest that until proper rules are recognized by scholars the establishment of a determinate nomenclature is impossible. It will therefore be well to set forth the rules that have here been adopted, together with brief reasons for the same, with the hope that they will commend themselves to the judgment of other per- sons engaged in researches relating to the languages of North America. A fixed nomenclature in biology has been found not only to be advantageous, but to be a prerequisite to progress in research, as the vast multiplicity of facts, still ever accumulating, would otherwise overwhelm the scholar. In philological classification fixity of nomenclature is of corresponding importance; and while the anal- ogies between linguistic and biotic classification are quite limited, many of the principles of nomenclature which biologists have adopted having no application in philology, still in some important particulars the requirements of all scientific classifications are alike, POWBLL.1 LAW OF PKIORITY. 9 and though many of the nomenclatural points met with in biology will not occur in philology, some of them do occur and may be governed by the same rules. Perhaps an ideal nomenclature in biology may some time be estab- lished, as attempts have been made to establish such a system in chemistry; and possibly such an ideal system may eventually be established in philology. Be that as it may, the time has not yet come even for its suggestion. What is now needed is a rule of some kind leading scholars to use the same terms for the same things, and it would seem to matter little in the case of linguistic stocks what the nomenclature is, provided it becomes denotive and universal. In treating of the languages of North America it has been sug- gested that the names adopted should be the names by which the people recognize themselves, but this is a rule of impossible appli- cation, for where the branches of a stock diverge very greatly no common name for the people can be found. Again, it has been sug- gested that names which are to go permanently into science should be simple and euphonic. This also is impossible of application, for simplicity and euphony are largely questions of personal taste, and he who has studied many languages loses speedily his idiosyncrasies of likes and dislikes and learns that words foreign to his vocabulary are not necessarily barbaric. Biologists have decided that he who first distinctly characterizes and names a species or other group shall thereby cause the name thus used to become permanently affixed, but under certain conditions adapted to a growing science which is continually revising its classi- fications. This law of priority may well be adopted by philologists. By the application of the law of priority it will occasionally hap- pen that a name must be taken which is not wholly unobjectionable or which could be much improved. But if names may be modified for any reason, the extent of change that may be wrought in this manner is unlimited, and such modifications would ultimately become equivalent to the introduction of new names, and a fixed nomenclature would thereby be overthrown. The rule of priority has therefore been adopted. Permanent biologic nomenclature dates from the time of Linnaeus simply because this great naturalist established the binominal sys- tem and placed scientific classification upon a sound and enduring basis. As Linnaeus is to be regarded as the founder of biologic classification, so Gallatin may be considered the founder of syste- matic philology relating to the North American Indians. Before his time much linguistic work had been accomplished, and scholars owe a lasting debt of gratitude to Barton, Adelung, Pickering, and others. But Gallatin's work marks an era in American linguistic science from the fact that he so thoroughly introduced comparative methods, and because he circumscribed the boundaries of many 10 I.VDIAN LINGl'ISTIC FAMILIES. f ami lies, so that a larg^f part of his work remains and is still to be coiLsidere^i sound. There is no safe resting place anterior to Gralla- tin, Ixxraus^j no scholar prior Uf his time had proj^erly adopted com- I)arative meth^xls of research, and because no scholar was privileged to work with nf} large a Ixxly of material. It must further be said of Gallatin that he ha^l a very ch^^ar ctjnception of the task he was jx^rforining, and l^rought to it \xjth learning and wi»iom, Gallatin's work has therefore l>een taken as the starting pf>int, back of which we may not go in the liistoric consideration of the systematic phi- lology of North America. The jKjint of dei)arture therefore is the year I8.'50, when Gallatin's *'Synoi>sis of Indian Tribes" appeared in vol. 2 of the Traiisa^'tioiis of the American Antiquarian Society. It is >>eliev(:jn it ha** been found impnicticable tr> recognize as family names designations bjiSfxl on several distinct terms, such as descriptive jihrases, and words comi>ounde*il from two or more geographic names. Such phrases and compound words have l>een rejected. There are many linguistic families in North America, and in a numl>er of them there are many tribes si>eaking diverse languages. It is imj^>rtant, therefore, that some form should be given to the family name by which it may >>e distinguisheil from the name of a single tribe or language. In many cases some one language within a stock has l>een taken i\s the tyj)e and its name given to the entii-e family; so that the name of a language and that of the stock to which it belongs are identical. This is inconvenient and leads to confusion. For such reasons it has been decided to give each family name the termination ''an" or *'ian." Conforming to the principles thus enunciated, the following rules have been formulated: I. Tlie law of priority relating to the nomenclature of the sys- tematic philology of th(» North American tribes shall not extend to authors whoso works are of date anterior to the year 183G. II. The name originally given by the founder of a linguistic grouj) to designate it as a family or stock of languages shall l)e ])ermanently retained to the exclusion of all others. III. No family name shall be recognized if composed of more than one word. IV. A family name once establislied shall not be canceled in any subsequent division of the group, but shall be retained in a restricted sense for one of its constituent portions. V. Family names shall be distinguished as such by the termina- tion "an" or **iivn." POWELL.] RULES OF NOMENCLATURE, 11 VI. No namo shall be accepted for a linguistic family unless used to designate a tribe or group of tribes as a linguistic stock. VII. No family name shall be accepted unless there is given the habitat of tribe or tribes to which it is api>lied. VIII. The original orthography of a name shall be rigidly preserved except as provided for in rule iii, and unless a typographical error is evident. The terms ** family " and " stock " are here applied interchangeably to a group of languages that are suj)posefl to be cognate. A single language is called a stock or family when it is not found to be cognate with any other language. Languages are said to be cognate when such relations between them are found that they are supix)sed to have descended from a common ancestral speech. The evidence of cognation is derived exclusively from the vocabulary. Grammatic similarities are not supposed to furnish evidence of cognation, but to be j)henomena, in part relating to stage of culture and in part adventitious. It must be remembered that extreme peculiarities of grammar, like the vocal mutations of the Hebrew or the monosyllabic separation of the Chinese, have not been dis- covered among Indian tongues. It therefore becomes necessary in the classification of Indian languages into families to neglect gram- matic structure, and to consider lexical elements only. But this statement must be clearly understood. It is postulated that in the growth of languages new words are formed by combination, and that these new words change by attrition to secure economy of utter- ance, and also by assimilation (analogy) for economy of thought. In the comparison of languages for the purposes of systematic phi- lology it often becomes necessary to dismember compounded words for the purpose of comparing the more primitive forms thus obtained. The paradigmatic words considered in grammatic trea- tises may often be the very words which should be dissected to dis- cover in their elements primary affinities. But the comparison is still lexic, not grammatic. A lexic comparison is between vocal elements; a grammatic com- parison is between grammatic methods, such, for example, as gender systems. The classes into which things are relegated by distinction of gender may be animate and inanimate, and the animate may subsequently be divided into male and female, and these two classes may ultimately absorb, in part at least, inanimate things. The growth of a system of genders may take another course. The ani- mate and inanimate may be subdivided into the standing, the sitting, and the lying, or into the moving, the erect and the reclined; or, still further, the superposed classification may be based upon the supposed constitution of things, as the fleshy, the woody, the rocky, the earthy, the watery. Thus the number of genders may increase, while further on in the history of a language the genders may 12 INDIAN LINGUISTIC FAMILIES. decrease so as almost to disappear. All of these characteristics are in part adventitious, but to a large extent the gender is a phenomenon of growth, indicating the stage to which the language has attained. A proper case system may not have been established in a language by the fixing of case particles, or, having been established, it may change by the increase or diminution of the number of cases. A tense system also has a beginning, a growth, and a decadence. A mode system is variable in the various stages of the history of a language. In like manner a pronominal system undergoes changes. Particles may be prefixed, infixed, or afiixed in compounded words, and which one of these methods will finally prevail can be deter- mined only in the later stage of growth. All of these things are held to belong to the grammar of a language and to be grammatic methods, distinct from lexical elements. With terms thus defined, languages are supposed to be cognate when fundamental similarities are discovered in their lexical elements. When the members of a family of languages are to be classed in Subdivisions and the history of such languages investigated, gram- matic characteristics become of primary importance. The words of a language change by the methods described, but the fundamental elements or roots are more enduring. Grammatic methods also change, perhaps even more rapidly than words, and the changes may go on to such an extent that primitive methods are entirely lost, there being no radical grammatic elements to be preserved. Grammatic structure is but a phase or accident of growth, and not a primordial element of language. The roots of a language are its most permanent characteristics, and while the words which are formed from them may change so as to obscure. their elements or in some cases even to lose them, it seems that they are never lost from all, but can be recovered in large part. The grammatic structure or plan of a language is forever changing, and in this respect the language may become entirely transformed. LITERATURE RELATING TO THE CLASSIFICATION OF INDIAN LANGUAGES. While the literature relating to the languages of North America is very extensive, that which relates to their classification is much less extensive. For the benefit of future students in this line it is thought best to present a concise account of such literature, or at least so much as has been consulted in the preparation of this paper. 1836. Gallatin (Albert). A synopsis of the Indian tribes within the United States east of the Rocky Mountains, and in the British and Russian possessions in North America. In Transactions and Ck)llections of the American Antiquarian Society (Archadologia Americana) Cambridge, 1836, vol. 2. The larger part of the volume consists of Gallatin's paper. A short chapter is devoted to general observations, including certain POWBLL.1 LINGUISTIC LITERATURE. 13 historical data, aud the remainder to the discussion of linguistic material and the affinities of the various tribes mentioned. Vocabu- laries of many of the families are appended. Twenty-eight lin- guistic divisions are recognized in the general table of the tribes. Some of these divisions are purely geographic, such as the tribes of Salmon River, Queen Charlotte's Island, etc. Vocabularies from these localities were at hand, but of their linguistic relations the author was not sufficiently assured. Most of the linguistic families recognized by Gallatin were defined with much precision. Not all of his conclusions are to be accepted in the presence of the data now at hand, but usually they were sound, as is attested by the fact that they have constituted the basis for much classificatory work since his time. The primary, or at least the ostensible, purpose of the colored map which accompanies Gallatin's paper was, as indicated by its title, to show the distribution of the tribes, and accordingly their names appear upon it, and not the names of the linguistic families. Nev- ertheless, it is practically a map of the linguistic families as deter- mined by the author, and it is believed to be the first attempted for the area represented. Only eleven of the twenty-eight families named in this table appear, and these represent the families with which he was best acquainted. As was to be expected from the early period at which the map was constructed, much of the western part of the United States was left uncolored. Altogether the map illustrates well the state of knowledge of the time. 1840. Bancroft (George). History of the colonization of the United States, Boston, 1840, vol. 3. In Chapter xxii of this volume the author gives a brief synopsis of the Indian tribes east of the Mississippi, under a linguistic classifi- cation, and adds a brief account of the character and methods of Indian languages. A linguistic map of the region is incorporated, which in general corresponds with the one published by Gallatin in 1836. A notable addition to the Gallatin map is the inclusion of the Uchees in their proper locality. Though considered a distinct family by Gallatin, this tribe does not appear upon his map. Moreover, the Choctaws and Muskogees, which appear as separate families upon Gallatin's map (though believed by that author to belong to the same family), are united upon Bancroft's map under the term Mobilian. The linguistic families treated of are, I. Algonquin, II. Sioux or Dahcota, III. Huron-Iroquois, IV. Catawba, V. Cherokee, VI. Uchee, VII. Natchez, VIII. Mobilian. 1841. Scouler (John). Observations of the indigenous tribes of the northwest coast of America. In Journal of the Royal Geographical Society of London. London, 1841, vol. 11. The chapter cited is short, but long enough to enable the author to construct a very curious classification of the tribes of which he 14 1M>IAX LINGL'ISTIC FAMILIES. tn^tH. In liiH account Scouler is gnidfA chiefly, to use his own wordn, " by conHideration« founde^l on their physical character, man- ners and cuHt^ims, and on the affinities of their languages.*^ As the linguistic considerations are mentioned last, so they appear to be the h^ast weighty of his "considerations." Scouler's definition of a family is very broad indeed, and in his ** Northern Family," which is a branch of his *' Insular Group," he includes such distinct linguistic st^>cks as "all the Indian tribes in the Russian territory," the Queen Cliarlotte Islanders, Koloshes, Ugalentzes, Atnas, Kolchans, Kenales, Tun Ghaase, Haidahs, and Chimm^.*syans. His Nrx>tka-Columbian family is scarcely less incon- gruous, and it is evident that the classification indicated is only to a comparatively slight extent linguistic. 1846. Hale (Horatio). United StattfH exploring exi)estulates made at tho beginning of tho paper: First, " No Amer- i(;an language has an isolated i)osition when compared with tho other tongues on masse rather than with tho language of any particular (jlass;" second, **The affinities between the language of the New World, OH determined ])y their vocahularies, is not less real than that inf:l Ar.g:^Ag^, az.i «=acL jptt- «ii E^:?- r^ai* Eiiv:iella:i*:0"i?t a£i^:T:-i!5 wi-h all the othr-r tongues of ifannr i^it^rkfiiuirrfaMi V^rfiRfmn^ qaI VdatfaeOsK btldlicii daig ws tcl h «tiifL Zwint«r BttJvL GrjOk^ 1SI>^. Thift. the first edition of tLL< well kr^own atLas. <»ntaias, among ^AhffT ma|>«?. an etfanoOTaphic map of Xorth America. ma*ie in 1>45. It LM (iai9f:^l; a^^ iii jstat^ u[^jn material derived from Gallatin. Hnm- tioldt. Claviijero. Hervas. Vater. and others. &^ far as the eastern fiart of the United States Ls concerned it is largely a duplication of Ga'Jiatin'h map of I^^. while in the western region a certain amoont of new material is incorporated. Ih^yZ. In the e^lition of 1^52 the ethn*>gTaphic map bears date of l**-^!. It« eastern jx^rtion Ls substantially a copy of the earlier edition, but itH w^rrftem half Ls materially changed, chiefly in accordance with the knowle^lge supplie^l by Hall in 1?^S. Map numljer 72 of the last edition of Berghaus by no means marks an a^lvance ufion the edition of 185'2. Apparently the number of families hi much re^iuced, but it Ls very difficult to interpret the mr^aning of the author, who has attempte^l on the same map to ludi- r:at^; linguistic divisions and tribal habitats with the result that con- f uj4ion is nuuie worse confounded. iWi, r^allatin f Albert). Clawnficatkin of the Indian Languages: a letter inclosing a table of generic Indian FamilieA a[ier by Gallatin consists of a letter addressed to W. M'^lilly O>mmissioner of Indian Affairs, requesting his cooperation in an endeavor to obtain vocabularies to assist in a more complete study of the grammar and structure of the languages of the Indians of North America. It is accompanied by a *' Synopsis of Indian Tril>ffH," giving the families and tribes so far as known. In the main the classification is a rei>etition of that of 1848, ]>ut it differs from that in a numl>er of particulars. Two of the families of 1848 do not pow«LL.l LINGUISTIC LITERATURE. 17 appear in this paper, viz, Arapaho and Kiiiai. Queen Charlotte Island, employed as a family name in 1848, is placed under the Wakash family, while the Skittagete language, upon which the name Queen Charlotte Island was based in 1848, is here given as a ffimily designation for the language si)oken at ** Sitka, bet. 52 and 50 lat." The following families appear which are not contained in the list of 1848: 1. Cuinanches, 5. Natchitoches. 2. Groe Ventres. 6. Paiii, Towiacks. 3. Kaskaias. 7. L^galjachiiiutzi. 4. Kiaways. 1853. Gibbs (George). Observations on some of the Indian disilects of northern California. In In- formation respecting the History, Condition, and Prospects of the Indian tribes of the United States, by Henry R. Schoolcraft. Philadelphia, 1853, vol. 3. The ** Observations" are introductory to a series of vocabularies collected in northern California, and trecit of the method employed in collecting them and of the difficulties encountered. They also contain notes on the tribes speaking the several languages as well as on the area covered. There is comparatively little of a classificatory nature, though in one instance the name Quoratem is proposed as a proper one for the family ** should it be held one." 1854. Latham (Robert Gordon). On the languages of New California. In Proceedings of the Philological Society of London for 1852 and 1853. London, 1854, vol. 6. Read before the Philological Society, May 13, 1853. A number of languages are examined in this pai)er for the purpose of determining the stocks to which they belong and the mutual affinities of the latter. Among the languages mentioned are the Saintskla, Umkwa, Lutuami, Paduca, Athabascan, Dieguno, and a number of the Mis- sion languages. 1855. Lane (William Carr). Letter on affinities of dialects in New Mexico. In Information respecting the History, Condition, and Prospects of the Indian tril)es of the United States, by Henry R. Schoolcraft. Philadelphia, 1855, vol. 5. The letter forms half a page of printed matter. The gist of the communication is in effect that tlie author has heard it said that the Indians of certain pueblos speak three different languages, which he has heard called, respectively, (1) Chu-cha-cas and Kes-whaw-hay; (2) E-nagh-magh; (3) Tay-waugh. This can hardly be called a classification, thougli the arrangement of the pueblos indicated by Lane is quoted at length by Keane in the Appendix to Stanford's Compendium. 7 ETH 2 18 IXDIAX LINGUISTIC FAMILIES. ia56. Latham (Robert Gordon). On the languages of Northern. Western, and Central America. In Trans- actions of the Philological Society of London, for 1856. London [1857?]. This paper was read before the Philological Society May 9, 1856, and is stated U) l)e *' a supplement to two well known contributions to American philology by the late A. Gallatin." So far as classification of Norih American languages goes, this is perhaps the most important paper of Latham's, as in it a numl>er of new names are proposed for linguistic groujw, such as Copeh for the Sacramento River tribes, Ehnik for the Karok tribes, Mariposa Group and Mendocino Group frt uiK)n the Indian triU^s, by Lieut. A. W. Whipple, Thomas Ewbank, esij.. and Prof. William W. Turner. Washington, D. C 1855. In Reports of Explorations and Surveys to ascertain the most practicable and economical route for a railroad from the Mississippi to the Pacific Ocean. Washington, 1850, vol. 3. ]>art 3. Chii\)U}v V of the above report is hefuled ** Vocabularies of North American Languages,'' and is by Turner, as is stated in a foot-note. Though the title page of Part ill is dated 1855, the chapter by Turner was not issued till 1850, the date of the full vohime, as is stateove. 1858. BuHc*}iiiiann (Johann Carl Eduard). Die Volk<*r uikI Spra<'hen Ncu-Moxiko's und der Westeeite des britischen NordamtTika's, dargost^'llt von Hrn. Busi^hniann. In Abhandlungen (auK dein Jahre 1857) der koniglichen Akjidemie dor Wissenschaften zu l^rlin. lU^rlin, IHTyH. This work contains a historic review of early discoveries in New Mexico and of the tribes living therein, with such vocabularies as were available at the time. On pages 315-414 the tribes of British America, from about latitude 54° to 00°, are similarly treated, the various discoveries being nn'iewed; also those on the North Pacific coast. Mucli of the material should have been inserted in the ^ POWELL.] LINGUISTIC LITERATURE. 19 volume of 1859 (whicli was prepared in 1854), to which cross refer- ence is frequently made, and to which it stands in the nature of a supplement. 1850. Buschmann (Johann Carl Eduard). Die Spuren ear, with no explanation, in Schoolcraft's Indian Tribes, volume v, pp. 4S7-489. In his Queen Charlotte Islands, 1870, Dawson publishes the part of this table relating to the Haida, with the statement that he received it from Dr. W. F. Tolmie. The census was made in 1830-'41 by the late Mr. John Work, who doubtless was the author of the more com- plete tables published by Kane and Schoolcraft. 20 INDIAN LINGUISTIC FAMILIES. 1862. Latham (Robert Gordon). Elements of comparative philology. London, 1862. The object of this volume is, as the author states in his preface, **to lay before the reader the chief facts and the chief trains of rea- soning in Comparative Philology." Among the great mass of material accumulated for the purpose a share is devoted to the lan- guages of North America. The remarks under these are often taken verbatim from the author's earlier papers, to which reference has been made above, and the family names and classification set forth in them are substantially repeated. 1862. Hayden (Ferdinand Vandeveer). Contributions to the ethnography and philology of the Indian tribes of the Missouri Valley. Philadelphia, 1862. This is a valuable contribution to our knowledge of the Missouri River tribes, made at a time when the information concerning them was none too precise. The tribes treated of are classified as follows: I. Knisteneaux, or Crees. ) II. Blackfeet. [• Algonkin Group, A. III. Shyennes. ) 'y:^S^:r' [Arapoho Group, B. >?ii:AriS; [ Pawnee Group, C. VIII. Dakotas. IX. Assiniboins. X. Crows. XI. Minnitarees. XII. Mandans. XIII. Omahas. XIV. lowas. Dakota Group, D 1864. Orozco y Berra (Manuel). G^grafia de las Lenguas y Carta Etnografica de Mexico Precedidas de un ensayo de clasificacion de las mismas lenguas y de apuntes para las inmigraciones de las tribus. Mexico, 1864. The work is divided into three parts. (1) Tentative classification of the languages of Mexico; (2) notes on the immigration of the tribes of Mexico; (3) geography of the languages of Mexico. The author states that he has no knowledge whatever of the lan- guages he treats of. All he attempts to do is to summarize the opinions of others. His authorities were (1) writers on native gram- mars; (2) missionaries; (3) persons who are reputed to be versed in such matters. He professes to have used his own judgment only when these authorities left him free to do so. His stated method in compiling the ethnographic map was to place before him the map of a certain department, examine all his authori- ties bearing on that department, and to mark with a distinctive color all localities said to belong to a particular language. When this was done he drew a boundary line around the area of that language. Examination of the map shows that he has partly expressed on it the classification of languages as given in the first part of his text, and partly limited himself to indicating the geographic boundaries P0WELL.1 LINGUISTIC LITERATURE. 21 of languages, without, liowever, giving the boundaries of all the languages mentioned in his lists. 1865. Pimentel (Francisco). Cuadro Descriptivo y Comparativo de las Lenguas Indigenas de Mexico. Mexico, 1865. According to the introduction this work is divided into three parts: (1) descriptive; (2) comparative; (3) critical. The author divides the treatment of each language into (1) its mechanism; (2) its dictionary; (3) its grammar. By ** mechanism " he means pronunciation and composition; by ** dictionary" he means the commonest or most notable words. In the case of each language he states the localities where it is spoken, giving a short sketch of its history, the explanation of its etymology, and a list of such writers on that language as he has become acquainted with. Then follows: " mechanism, dictionary, and grammar." Next he enumerates its dialects if there are any, and compares specimens of them when he is able. He gives the Our Father when he can. Volume I (1862) contains introduction and twelve languages. Vol- ume II (18G5) contains fourteen groups of languages, a vocabulary of the Opata language, and an appendix treating of the Comanche, the Coahuilteco, and various languages of upper California. Volume III (announced in preface of Volume ii) is to contain the ^* comparative part " (to be treated in the same " mixed" method as the ** descriptive part"), and a scientific classification of all the languages spoken in Mexico. In the ** critical part" (apparently dispersed through the other two parts) the author intends to pass judgment on the merits of the languages of Mexico, to point out their good qualities and their defects. 1870. Dall (William Healey). On the distribution of the native tribes of Alaska and the adjacent territory. In Proceedings of the American Association for the Advancement of Sci- ence. Cambridge, 1870, vol. 18. In this important paper is presented much interesting information concerning the inhabitants of Alaska and adjacent territories. The natives are divided into two groups, the Indians of the interior, and the inhabitants of the coast, or Esquimaux. The latter are designated by the term Orarians, which are composed of three lesser groups, Eskimo, Aleutians, and Tuski. The Orarians are distinguished, fii*st, by their language; second, by their distribution; third, by their habits; fourth, by their physical characteristics. 1870. Dall (William Healey). Alaska and its Resources. Boston, 1870. The classification followed is practically the same as is given in the author's article in the Proceedings of the American Association for the Advancement of Science. 22 INDIAN LINGUISTIC FAMILIES. 1877. Dall (WiUiam Healey). Tribes of the extreme northwest. In Contributions to North American Eth- nology (published by United States Geographical and Geological Survey of the Rocky Mountain Region). Washington, 1877, vol. 1. This is an amplification of the paper publislied in tlie Proceedings of the American Association, as above cited. The author states that '* numerous additions and corrections, as well as personal obser- vations of much before taken at second hand, have placed it in my power to enlarge and improve my original arrangement." In this paper the Orarians are divided into "two well marked groups," the Innuit, comprising all the so-called Eskimo and Tuskis, and the Aleuts. The paper proper is followed by an appendix by Gibbs and Dall, in which are presented a series of vocabularies from the northwest, including dialects of the Tlinkit and Haida nations, T'sim-si-ans, and others. 1877. Gibbs (George). Tribes of Western Washington and Northwestern Oregon. In Contributions to North American Ethnology. Washington, 1887, vol. 1. This is a valuable article, and gives many interesting particulars of the tribes of which it treats. References are here and there made to the languages of the several tribes, with, however, no attempt at their classification. A table follows the report, in which is given by Dall, after Gibbs, a classification of the tribes mentioned by Gibbs. Five families are mentioned, viz: Nutka, Sahaptin, Tinneh, Selish, and T'sinuk. The comparative vocabularies follow Part II. 1877. Powers (Stephen). Tribes of California. In Contributions to North American Ethnology. Wash- ington, 1877, vol. 8. The extended paper on the Calif or nian tribes which makes up the bulk of this volume is the most important contribution to the sub- ject ever made. The author's unusual opportunities for personal observation among these tribes were improved to the utmost and the result is a comparatively full and comprehensive account of their habits and character. Here and there are allusions to the languages spoken, with refer- ence to the families to which the tribes belong. No formal classifi- cation is presented. 1877. Powell (John Wesley). Appendix. Linguistics edited by J. W. Powell. In Contributions to North American Ethnology. Washington, 1877, vol. 8. This appendix consists of a series of comparative vocabularies collected by Powers, Gibbs and others, classified into linguistic families, as follows: POWELL.] LINiiUISTIO LITERATURE. 23 Family. 1. Ka-rok. 2. Yu-rok. 3. Chini-a-ii-ko. 4. Wish-oftk. 5. Yu-ki. 6. Porno. 7. Win-tun'. Family. 8. Mut'-sim. 9. Santa Barbara. 10. Y6-kut8. 11. Mai'-du. 12. A-cho-ma'-wi. 13. Shas-ta. 1877. Gatschet (Albert Samuel). Indian languages of the Pacific States and Territories. In Magazine of American History. New York, 1877, vol. 1. After some remarks concerning the nature of language and of the special characteristics of Indian languages, the author gives a synopsis of the languages of the Pacific region. The families men- tioned are: 1. Shoshoni. 2. Yuma. 3. Pima. 4. Santa Barbara. 5. Mutsun. 6. Yocut. 7. Meewoc. 8. Meidoo. 9. Wintoon. 10. Yuka. 11. Pomo. 12. Wishosk. 13. Eurok. 14. Weits-pek. 15. Cahrok. 16. Tolewa. 17. Shasta. 18. Pit River. 19. Klamath. 20. Tinne. 21. Yakon. 22. Cayuse. 23. Kalapuya. 24. Chinook. 25. Sahaptin. 26. Selish. 27. Nootka. 28. Kootenai. This is an important paper, and contains notices of several new stocks, derived from a study of the material furnished by Powers. The author advocates the plan of using a system of nomenclature similar in nature to that employed in zoology in the case of generic and specific names, adding after the name of the tribe the family to which it belongs; thus: Warm Springs, Sahaptin. 1878. Powell (John Wesley). The nationality of the Pueblos. In the Rocky Mountain Presbyterian. Denver, November, 1878. This is a half-column article, the object of which is to assign the several Pueblos to their proper stocks. A paragraph is devoted to contradicting the popular belief that the Pueblos are in some way related to the Aztecs. No vocabularies are given or cited, though the classification is stated to be a linguistic one. 1878. Keane (Augustus H). Appendix. Ethnography and philology of America. In Stanfoi*d*s Ck)m- pendium of Geography and Travel, edited and extended by H. W. Bates. London, 1878. In the appendix are given, first, some of the more general charac- teristics and peculiarities of Indian languages, followed by a classi- fication of all the tribes of North America, after which is given an 24 INDIAN LINGUISTIC FAMILIES. alphabetical list of American tribes and languages, with their habi- tats and the stock to which they belong. The classification is compiled from many sources, and although it contains many errors and inconsistencies, it affords on the whole a good general idea of prevalent views on the subject. 1880. Powell (John Wesley). Pueblo Indians. In the American Naturalist. Philadelphia, 1880, vol. 14. This is a two- page article in which is set forth a classification of the Pueblo Indians from linguistic considerations. The Pueblos are divided into four families or stocks, viz: 1. Shinumo. 3. Keran. 2. Zunian. 4. Tewan. Under the several stocks is given a list of those who have collected vocabularies of these languages and a reference to their publication. 1880. Eells (Myron). The Twana language of Washington Territory. In the American Antiqua- rian. Chicago, 1880-'81, vol. 3. This is a brief article — two and a half i)ages — on the Twana, Clallam, and Chemakum Indians. The author finds, upon a com- parison of vocabularies, that the Chemakum language has little in common with its neighbors. 1885. Dall (WiUiam Healey). The native tribes of Alaska. In Proceedings of the American Association for the Advancement of Science, thirty -fourth meeting, held at Ann Arbor, Mich., August, 1885. Salem, 1886. ■ This paper is a timely contribution to the subject of the Alaska tribes, and carries it from the point at which the author left it in 18G9 to date, briefly summarizing the several recent additions to knowledge. It ends with a geographical classification of the Innuit and Indian tribes of Alaska, with estimates of their numbers. 1885. Bancroft (Hubert Howe). The works of Hul)ert Howe Bancroft, vol. 8: the native races, vol. 3, myths and languages. San Francisco, 1882. In the chapter on that subject the languages are classified by divi- sions which appear to correspond to groups, families, tribes, and dialects. The classification does not, however, follow any consistent plan, and is in parts unintelligible. 1882. Gatschet (Albert Samuel). Indian languages of the Pacific States and Territories and of the Pueblos of New Mexico. In the Magazine of American History. New York, 1882, vol. 8. This paper is in the nature of a supi)lement to a previous one in the same magazine above referred to. It enlarges further on several POWKLL.1 LINGUISTIC MAP. 25 of the stocks there considered, and, as the title indicates, treats also of the Pueblo languages. The families mentioned are: 1. Chiniariko. 6. Takilma. 2. Washo. 7. Rio Grande Pueblo. 3. Yakona. 8. Kera. 4. Sayuskla. 9. Zufd. 5. Kusa. 1883. Hale (Horatio). Indian migrations, as evidence